Newtonian fluid: A fluid whose viscosity is constant and independent of the rate of shear (strain). For Newtonian fluids, there is a linear relationship between the rate of shear and the tangential stress between layers. For more information see

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Figure 10 Shear/strain relationship for a Newtonian fluid.

If you want to understand what a non-Newtonian fluid feels like and what it means for viscosity to change with the rate of shear, try this experiment.

In a large shallow bowl make a solution of approximately 1 part water and 2 parts corn starch, try moving this fluid rapidly around with your fingers. When the fingers are moved slowly, the solution behaves as expected, offering little resistance. The faster you try to move through the fluid, the higher the resistance. At that rate of shear, the solution almost behaves as a solid, If you move your fingers fast enough they will skip over the surface. This is what is meant by viscosity being dependent on rate of shear. Compare this behavior to that of molasses; you will find that even though molasses is viscous its viscosity changes very little with the shear rate. Molasses flows readily no matter how fast the movement.
See a

[link Point to another website Only the registered members can access] [hr][/hr] Operating point: The point (flow rate and total head) at which the pump operates. It is located at the intersection of the

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Figure 11 Operating point on a pump performance curve.
[hr][/hr] Packing: see

[link Point to another website Only the registered members can access] [hr][/hr] Partial emission pump: see

[link Point to another website Only the registered members can access] [hr][/hr] Peripheral pump: also known as regenerative or regenerative turbine pump. These are low capacity (150 gpm or 34 m3/h) high head (5400 ft or 1645 m) pumps. The impeller has short vanes at the periphery and these vanes pass through an annular channel. The fluid enters between two impeller vanes and is set into a circular motion, this adds energy to the fluid particles which travel in a spiral like path from the inlet to the outlet. Each set of vanes continuously adds energy to the fluid particles.
Peripheral pumps are more efficient at these low flow high head conditions than centrifugal pumps, they also require much less NPSHA than an equivalent centrifugal pump. They can also handle liquids with up to 20% entrained gases.

They are used in a wide range of domestic and industrial applications.
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For a good explanation of the principal of operation see this

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see also

[link Point to another website Only the registered members can access] [hr][/hr] Performance curve: A plot of Total Head vs. flow for a specific pump model, impeller diameter and speed (syn characteristic curve, water performance curve).

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For

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