Metal Machining: Theory and Applications



Introduction 1
1.1 Machine tool technology 3
1.2 Manufacturing systems 15
1.3 Materials technology 19
1.4 Economic optimization of machining 24
1.5 A forward look 32
2 Chip formation fundamentals 35
2.1 Historical introduction 35
2.2 Chip formation mechanics 37
2.3 Thermal modelling 57
2.4 Friction, lubrication and wear 65
2.5 Summary 79
3 Work and tool materials 81
3.1 Work material characteristics in machining 82
3.2 Tool materials 97
4 Tool damage 118
4.1 Tool damage and its classification 118
4.2 Tool life 130
5 Experimental methods 136
5.1 Microscopic examination methods 136
5.2 Forces in machining 139
5.3 Temperatures in machining 147
5.4 Acoustic emission 155
6 Advances in mechanics 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Slip-line field modelling 159
6.3 Introducing variable flow stress behaviour 168
6.4 Non-orthogonal (three-dimensional) machining 177
7 Finite element methods 199
7.1 Finite element background 199
7.2 Historical developments 204
7.3 The Iterative Convergence Method (ICM) 212
7.4 Material flow stress modelling for finite element analyses 220
8 Applications of finite element analysis 226
8.1 Simulation of BUE formation 226
8.2 Simulation of unsteady chip formation 234
8.3 Machinability analysis of free cutting steels 240
8.4 Cutting edge design 251
8.5 Summary 262
9 Process selection, improvement and control 265
9.1 Introduction 265
9.2 Process models 267
9.3 Optimization of machining conditions and expert system applications 283
9.4 Monitoring and improvement of cutting states 305
9.5 Model-based systems for simulation and control of machining
processes 317
1 Metals’ plasticity, and its finite element formulation 328
A1.1 Yielding and flow under triaxial stresses: initial concepts 329
A1.2 The special case of perfectly plastic material in plane strain 332
A1.3 Yielding and flow in a triaxial stress state: advanced analysis 340
A1.4 Constitutive equations for numerical modelling 343
A1.5 Finite element formulations 348
2 Conduction and convection of heat in solids 351
A2.1 The differential equation for heat flow in a solid 351
A2.2 Selected problems, with no convection 353
A2.3 Selected problems, with convection 355
A2.4 Numerical (finite element) methods 357
3 Contact mechanics and friction 363
A3.1 Introduction 363
A3.2 The normal contact of a single asperity on an elastic foundation 365
A3.3 The normal contact of arrays of asperities on an elastic foundation 368
A3.4 Asperities with traction, on an elastic foundation 369
A3.5 Bulk yielding 371
A3.6 Friction coefficients greater than unity 373
4 Work material: typical mechanical and thermal behaviours 375
A4.1 Work material: room temperature, low strain rate, strain hardening behaviours 375
A4.2 Work material: thermal properties 376
A4.3 Work material: strain hardening behaviours at high strain rates and temperatures 379
5 Approximate tool yield and fracture analysis 383
A5.1 Tool yielding 383
A5.2 Tool fracture 385
6 Tool material properties 387
A6.1 High speed steels 387
A6.2 Cemented carbides and cermets 388
A6.3 Ceramics and superhard materials 393
7 Fuzzy logic 396
A7.1 Fuzzy sets 396
A7.2 Fuzzy operations 398

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